General Types of Spectra

Spectra

When the electromagnetic radiation passing through a prism or divided grille, and a set of lines, different wavelengths. This is called the spectrum. The scientific word was first used in the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated by a prism, but it is applied by analogy to many fields of optics. The different spectrum of light through a prism, a solid or liquid, clear, or created from glass which glows compression / uncompressed. When using more modern spectrum is a common denominator between the two extremes at each end.

The spectrum extends to other waves such as sound waves to be measured can be considered as a function of frequency. The absorption spectroscopy technique which measures the effect of the beam before and after the interaction with the sample for comparison. A continuous spectrum of the heat, close, while generating an absorption spectrum of the light of the results of something hot, through a dense cloud cooling, less dense gas. This is the type of spectrum produced by the sun, because the material is actually very dense and hot sun radiates energy in the form of light that brings out a cooler climate.

Three basic type of spectra are:-

1. Line spctrum: This form is due to the absorption or emission of waves by atoms, for example, the dark lines in the spectrum of the Sun absorption lines because of the presence of helium element.

2. Band spectrum: Instead, a broader spectrum of one line. Emssion consists of waves or molecules absorb.

3. Continuous spectrum: The spectrum is continuous, uninterrupted like a ghost. It color.eg continuum emergency tones, so sweet, a little "dark. The problem caused by a specific mechanism. For example, the solar spectrum for the thermal emission. It may be the synchrotron emission (eg. , emission of pulsars), etc.

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Introduction to Radiation

Radiation

Radiation is power that generates from a source and travels through several materials or through space. Light, heat and sound are category of radiation. Radiation subsists all around us. Radiation is in our homes as division of our radios and microwave ovens, and we feel really low levels each moment from our natural environment.

Ionizing radiation contains the radiation that comes from equally natural and man-made radioactive resources such as cosmic rays, nuclear power plants, and x-ray machines. People are always uncovered to small amounts of ionizing radiation from the environment as they carry out their normal daily activities; this is recognized as background radiation. People use and uncovered to non-ionizing radiation sources each day. This type of radiation cannot take enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules.

It is reason of damage through some mechanisms, including:-

(1) Breaking main chemical bonds.
(2) Generate free radicals: these are really reactive ions in the body that stop normal function and cause cellular and tissue injure when they react with biological pathways.
(3) Creating fresh, denigrative, chemical bonds among macromolecules that would otherwise not occur.
(4) Straight damaging molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins that are liable for normal cellular function.

Atoms: - An atom is of a nucleus – invented of protons and neutrons  and electrons that range the nucleus. The nucleus brings a positive charge – protons are positively charged, and neutrons don’t hold a charge.

Radioisotopes :- Nuclides of an constituent that have the similar number of protons, but not the equivalent number of neutrons, are known as isotopes of that constituent.

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X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also recognized as a request for, since the surface of the most ordinary technique used is to analyze the relative easiness of application and data. Interpretation. X-ray level of electrons towards the bottom of the expulsion of the sample. Photoemitted binding energy is an essential function. And energy characteristics of the item was posted. Which the sample is irradiated by a photoelectron monoenergetic X-rays are emitted. The surface of the sample. The kinetic energy, the X-ray photoelectron, h. Electron binding energy, Eb, the energy is given by.

Ek = h - Eb

The experimentally measured energies of the photoelectrons are given by:

Ek = h - Eb - Ew

Ew, it is the work of the spectrometer.

XPS is used to measure: -

Surface elemental composition (usually high-level 1-10 nm)
Empirical formula of pure materials
The basic composition of the upper surface (or line profiling or mapping) Uniformity
The pollution of surface elements

Photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray and other uses (XPS)

Inorganic compounds, metals, alloys, polymers, semiconductors, components, catalysts, glass, ceramics, paint, ink, paper, wood, plant fragments, the analysis of make-up, Teeth, bones, medical implants, biomaterials, sticky oils, adhesives, ion exchange materials, and many others.

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