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Monday, 5 December 2011

The Symmetry Elements linked with a molecule are:-


Symmetry Elements

(i) A Proper Axis of Rotation: Cn where n = 1,.... 
This implies n-fold rotational symmetry about the axis.

(ii) A Plane of Reflection: s 
This implies bilateral symmetry concerning the plane. 
These planes are further confidential as:

sh - Horizontal Plane which is perpendicular to the Principal Axis of Rotation (i.e. Axis with highest value of n). If no principal axis exists sh is distinct as the molecular plane.
sv or sd - Vertical Plane which holds the Principal Axis of Rotation and is perpendicular to a sh plane, if it exists. When mutually sv and sd planes are present, the sv planes hold the superior number of atoms, the sd planes enclose bond angle bisectors. If only one type of vertical plane is present, sv or sd may be used depending on the entirety symmetry of the molecule.

(iii) A Center of Inversion - i 
This is a central point throughout which all Cn and s elements have to pass. If no such ordinary point exists there is refusal center of symmetry.

(iv) Improper Axis: Sn 
This is invented of two parts: Cn and sh both of which may or may not be factual symmetry elements of the molecule. If equally the Cn and sh are there then Sn must also exist. The following relations are obliging in this stare: 
(a) If n is even, Snn = E 
(b) If n is odd, Snn = s and Sn2n = E 
(c) If m is even, Snm = Cnm when m < n 
Snm = Cnm-n when m > n 
(d) If Sn with even n exists then Cn/2 exists. 
(e) If Sn with odd n exists then both Cn and s perpendicular to Cn exist.


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